12th century
As a means of recording the passage of time, the 12th century was that century which lasted from 1101 to 1200. In the history of European culture, this period is considered part of the High Middle Ages and is sometimes called the Age of the Cistercians.
See also: Renaissance of the 12th century
Events
- 1102, King Coloman unites Hungary and Croatia under the Hungarian Crown
- c.1119, Foundation of the Knights Templar
- 1127, The Norterhn Song dynasty loses power over Northern China to the Jurchens of Manchuria.
- 1128, Portugal gains independence from the kingdom of León (recognised by León in 1143).
- 1130–1180, Fifty-year drought in the American Southwest.
- 1132, The Southern Song Dynasty establishes China's first permanent standing navy, although China had a long naval history prior. The main admiral's office was stationed at the port of Dinghai.
- 1132–1183, the Chinese navy increases from a mere 3000 marine soldiers to 52,000 marine soldiers stationed in 20 different squadrons. Between this time, hundreds of treadmill-operated paddle wheel craft are assembled for the navy, in order to combat the Jurchen's Jin Dynasty in the north.
- 1135–1154, The Anarchy is a period of civil war in England.
- 1136, Suger begins rebuilding abbey church at St Denis north of Paris, which is regarded as the first major Gothic building.
- 1140–1150, Collapse of the Ancestral Puebloan culture at Chaco Canyon
- 1145–1148, The Second Crusade is launched in response to the fall of the County of Edessa.
- 1154, the Moroccan-born Muslim geographer Muhammad al-Idrisi publishes his Geography.
- 1161, the Song Dynasty Chinese navy, employing gunpowder bombs launched from trebuchets, defeat the enormous Jin Dynasty navy on the Yangtze River, in the Battle of Tangdao and the Battle of Caishi.
- 1169, start of the conquest of Ireland. Richard fitzGilbert de Clare ('Strongbow') makes an alliance with the exiled Irish chief, Dermot MacMurrough, to help him recover his kingdom of Leinster.
- 1170, Thomas Becket is murdered.
- 1178, Chinese writer Zhou Qufei, a Guangzhou customs officer, wrote of an island far west in the Indian Ocean (possibly Madagascar), from where people with skin "as black as lacquer" and with frizzy hair were captured and purchased as slaves by Arab merchants.
- 1185, Founding of the cathedral school (Katedralskolan) in Lund, Sweden. The school is the oldest in northern Europe, and one of the oldest in Europe as a whole.
- 1187, Battle of Hattin: Saladin defeats the king of Jerusalem.
- 1189–1192, The Third crusade was an attempt by European leaders to reconquer the Holy Land from Saladin.
- 1193, Nalanda, the great Indian Buddhist educational centre, is destroyed.
- 1198, Frederick II is crowned King of Sicily at the age of 3 (also known as Frederick I of Sicily).
- c. 1200, The Toltec Empire collapses.
- Renaissance of the 12th century in Europe.
- The Kamakura Shogunate deprives the Emperor of Japan of political power.
- Gothic Architecture begins in France
- Conflict between the Khmer Empire and Champa. Angkor Wat is built under the Hindu king Suryavarman II. At the end of the century the Buddhist Jayavarman VII becomes ruler.
- Pope Adrian IV grants overlordship of Ireland to Henry II of England.
- The medieval Serbian state formed by Stefan Nemanja and continued by the Nemanjić dynasty.
- Pierre Abelard teaches.
Significant people
- Francis of Assisi Christian saint
- Genghis Khan, Great Khan of the Mongol Empire.
- Bhaskara, towering figure in several disparate fields of mathematics
- Pierre Abailard, one of the first scholastic philosophers; author of "Historia calamitatum mearum", a confessional account of his life (including a description of his love affair with Héloïse).
- Bernard of Clairvaux, French abbot influential in church politics.
- William Marshal, knight and statesman.
- Manuel I Comnenus, Byzantine Emperor who allied with the Crusaders.
- Saladin, ruler of Egypt and Syria who resisted the Crusaders.
- Philip Augustus, French king.
- Friedrich Barbarossa, Holy Roman Emperor
- Emperor Huizong of Song, China
- Richard of St. Victor, theologian.
- Alfonso I Henriques, first King of Portugal.
- Maimonides, leading Jewish philosopher.
- Yue Fei, famous Chinese general
- Thomas Becket, archbishop of Canterbury.
- Minamoto no Yoritomo, shogun of Japan, founder Kamakura Shogunate.
- Lin Tinggui, Chinese painter of Buddhist themes
- Zhou Jichang, Chinese painter of Buddhist themes
- Zhang Zeduan, Chinese painter of the panoramic painting Along the River During Qingming Festival
- Omar Khayyám, Persian poet and astronomer
- Eleanor of Aquitaine, queen consort of France and later the Kingdom of England.
- Hildegard of Bingen, first Western musical composer known by name.
- Suryavarman II, Khmer king
- Jayavarman VII, Khmer king
- Ibn Rushd, philosopher
- Richard I of England King of england who led the Third Crusade
- Prithviraj Chauhan King of Ajmer in India
- Zhu Xi, Neo-Confucian philosopher from China
Inventions, discoveries and introductions
Decades and years
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